23.53%) (Table 1). expression for programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) and its ligand 1 (PD-L1) was, statistically, significantly 5-hydroxymethyl tolterodine (PNU 200577) higher ( 0.0001) in tumor tissue than in unchanged mucosa. Moreover, it was found that the greater the tumor size, the higher the 5-hydroxymethyl tolterodine (PNU 200577) expression level of the tested molecules. (4) Conclusions: Although further research on the role of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in laryngeal tumors is necessary, the presented reports are promising and may constitute a contribution to considerations on the introduction of targeted immunotherapy with anti-PD1 and anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of these tumors. = 39)= 34)= 73)= 0.1130) or 5-hydroxymethyl tolterodine (PNU 200577) body weight assessed by the body mass index (BMI) (= 0.3200). Men dominated in both groups (89.74% and 76.47%, respectively). Patients with laryngeal tumor were older ( 0.0001; 67.97 13.80 years vs. 47.73 8.93 years) and smoked more frequently ( 0.0001; 89.74% vs. 23.53%) (Table 1). However, further analysis showed no correlation between age and the expression of the studied genes. Written informed consent was obtained from each subject according to the study protocol that had been approved by the Bioethical Committee of the Medical University of Lodz No: RNN/140/15/KE + KE/433/21 2.2. Survey Data Survey data, i.e., age, gender, weight, height, and information regarding smoking, were obtained from all study participants. Patients answered questions about whether they smoked cigarettes. If the answer was yes, they also had to state for how long and how 5-hydroxymethyl tolterodine (PNU 200577) many cigarettes daily. The age and height of the respondents were used to calculate the body mass index (BMI) according to the formula: BMI = weight [kg]/(height [cm])2 (1) Body weight was assessed on the basis of the BMI criteria according to the World Health Organization (WHO), which indicates that the correct body weight is a BMI in the range of 18.5C24.99. Body mass index 25 indicates overweight and 30-obesity TNFRSF10D [11]. 2.3. Assessment of Tumor Advancement and Collection of Samples Laryngeal tumors were assessed by videolaryngostroboscopy (VLS) and by histopathological examination (taking a sample of the lesion in direct microlaryngoscopy). The obtained test result in all patients was: planoepithelial carcinoma keratodes (carcinoma planoepiteliale keratodes). Neck USG, CT with contrast, and chest X-ray were performed in patients to assess lymph nodes. No patients in the study group had enlarged lymph nodes nor lung metastases. According to the TNM classification of laryngeal tumors (according to AJCC, 2017), 25 patients (64.10%) had T1a N0 M0, a tumor limited to one vocal fold with fold movement, without lymph node metastases and distant metastases. In 7 (17.95%) patients, T2 N0M0 was found, i.e., the tumor involved the entire vocal fold, reached the anterior commissure, with non-movement of the vocal fold and in the other 7 (17.95%) patients, T3 N0M0 was found,tumor confined to the larynx with non-movement of vocal folds [12]. Samples of the tumor tissue were collected during surgical procedures of cordectomy (in the T1 and T2 stages of advancement) and total laryngectomy (in T3 stage). Each sample was evaluated by the pathologist, who diagnosed carcinoma planoepitheliale laryngis- laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma 5-hydroxymethyl tolterodine (PNU 200577) (LSCC). Only a part of a sample was used for further molecular tests. 2.4. Molecular Analysis/Assessment of PD-1 and PD-L1 Gene Expression Immediately after collection, the tumor fragment was placed in Eppendorf tubes with 1 mL of RNAlater fluid (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), preventing RNA degradation, and frozen at ?20 C. Then, it was sent to the Central Laboratory of the Medical University of Lodz to evaluate the expression of PD-1 and.